Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

培训和评估语言模型越来越多地要求构建元数据 - 多样化的策划数据收集，并具有清晰的出处。自然语言提示最近通过将现有的，有监督的数据集转换为多种新颖的预处理任务，突出了元数据策划的好处，从而改善了零击的概括。尽管将这些以数据为中心的方法转化为生物医学语言建模的通用域文本成功，但由于标记的生物医学数据集在流行的数据中心中的代表性大大不足，因此仍然具有挑战性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了BigBio一个由126个以上的生物医学NLP数据集的社区库，目前涵盖12个任务类别和10多种语言。 BigBio通过对数据集及其元数据进行程序化访问来促进可再现的元数据策划，并与当前的平台兼容，以及时工程和端到端的几个/零射击语言模型评估。我们讨论了我们的任务架构协调，数据审核，贡献指南的过程，并概述了两个说明性用例：生物医学提示和大规模，多任务学习的零射门评估。 BigBio是一项持续的社区努力，可在https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/biomedical上获得。

尽管辐射学家常规使用电子健康记录（EHR）数据来形成临床历史并通知图像解释，但医学成像的大多数深度学习架构是单向的，即，它们只能从像素级信息中学习特征。最近的研究揭示了如何从像素数据中恢复种族，仅突出显示模型中的严重偏差的可能性，这未能考虑人口统计数据和其他关键患者属性。然而，缺乏捕获临床背景的成像数据集，包括人口统计学和纵向病史，具有偏远的多式化医学成像。为了更好地评估这些挑战，我们呈现RadFusion，一种多式联运，基准数据集1794名患者的相应EHR数据和高分辨率计算断层扫描（CT）扫描标记为肺栓塞。我们评估了几个代表性的多模式融合模型，并在受保护的亚组中，例如性别，种族/种族，年龄的年龄。我们的研究结果表明，集成成像和EHR数据可以提高分类性能和鲁棒性，而不会在人口群之间的真正阳性率下引入大的差异。

最近已被证明大型语言模型在各种任务集中获得合理的零射普通化（Brown等，2020）。它已经假设这是语言模型的隐式多任务学习的结果，在语言模型中的预押（Radford等，2019）。可以通过明确的多任务学习直接引起零拍常规化？为了以缩放测试这个问题，我们开发一个系统，以便轻松地将任何自然语言任务映射到人类可读的提示表单中。我们转换一组大量的监督数据集，每个数据集都有多个提示，具有不同的措辞。这些提示的数据集允许基准测试模型执行完全看不见的任务的能力。我们介绍了一个普拉克尔编码器 - 解码器模型（Raffel等，2020; Lester等，2021），覆盖各种任务。该模型在多个标准数据集中达到强大的零点性能，通常优于其尺寸的型号超过16倍。此外，我们的方法对来自Big-替补基准测试的任务子集具有强烈性能，优于其尺寸的6倍。所有提示和培训的型号都可以在https://github.com/ bigscience-workshop / protectsource / httpsource / https：//huggingface.co/bigscience/t0pp。

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

The use of needles to access sites within organs is fundamental to many interventional medical procedures both for diagnosis and treatment. Safe and accurate navigation of a needle through living tissue to an intra-tissue target is currently often challenging or infeasible due to the presence of anatomical obstacles in the tissue, high levels of uncertainty, and natural tissue motion (e.g., due to breathing). Medical robots capable of automating needle-based procedures in vivo have the potential to overcome these challenges and enable an enhanced level of patient care and safety. In this paper, we show the first medical robot that autonomously navigates a needle inside living tissue around anatomical obstacles to an intra-tissue target. Our system leverages an aiming device and a laser-patterned highly flexible steerable needle, a type of needle capable of maneuvering along curvilinear trajectories to avoid obstacles. The autonomous robot accounts for anatomical obstacles and uncertainty in living tissue/needle interaction with replanning and control and accounts for respiratory motion by defining safe insertion time windows during the breathing cycle. We apply the system to lung biopsy, which is critical in the diagnosis of lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. We demonstrate successful performance of our system in multiple in vivo porcine studies and also demonstrate that our approach leveraging autonomous needle steering outperforms a standard manual clinical technique for lung nodule access.

本文描述了目前在为机器人开发道德体系结构方面的进展，该机器人旨在遵循人类的道德决策过程。我们对普通成年人（人）和道德专家（专家）进行了调查，以在两种特定情况下认为是道德行为：与老年人进行药丸和与孩子一起玩游戏。调查的关键目标是更好地了解人类的道德决策。在第一次调查中，民间回应是基于主题的道德选择（“民间道德”）。在第二次调查中，专家响应是基于专家在每种情况下使用不同形式的道德框架的应用。我们观察到，我们在调查中纳入的大多数正式伦理框架（功利主义，康德伦理，护理和美德伦理伦理）和“民间道德”和“民间道德”在高风险的任务中与老年人一起在高风险任务中保守孩子的表现不足。

在本文中，我们将基因组的结构作为由碱基碱基表的连续三胞胎的分布规定的二阶马尔可夫过程：使用真正的冠状病毒和腺病毒数据鉴定基因组数据库中的异常值和读取分类。

我们提出并申请新的范式以表征基因组数据质量，这量化了有意降解质量的影响。理由是，初始质量越高，基因组越脆弱，降解的影响越大。我们证明这种现象是普遍无处不在的，并且可以用于多种目的来使用量化的降解测量。我们专注于识别对数据质量可能有问题的异常值，但也可能是真正的异常甚至试图颠覆数据库。

Labeling training data is increasingly the largest bottleneck in deploying machine learning systems. We present Snorkel, a first-of-its-kind system that enables users to train stateof-the-art models without hand labeling any training data. Instead, users write labeling functions that express arbitrary heuristics, which can have unknown accuracies and correlations. Snorkel denoises their outputs without access to ground truth by incorporating the first end-to-end implementation of our recently proposed machine learning paradigm, data programming. We present a flexible interface layer for writing labeling functions based on our experience over the past year collaborating with companies, agencies, and research labs. In a user study, subject matter experts build models 2.8× faster and increase predictive performance an average 45.5% versus seven hours of hand labeling. We study the modeling tradeoffs in this new setting and propose an optimizer for automating tradeoff decisions that gives up to 1.8× speedup per pipeline execution. In two collaborations, with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and on four open-source text and image data sets representative of other deployments, Snorkel provides 132% average improvements to predictive performance over prior heuristic approaches and comes within an average 3.60% of the predictive performance of large hand-curated training sets.